Jainism is an ancient Indian religion that emphasizes non-violence, compassion, and non-attachment to worldly possessions.
1.Introduction
Jainism is an ancient Indian religion that originated in the 6th century BCE in the region that is now part of modern-day India. It is based on the teachings of Tirthankaras, enlightened beings who have attained spiritual liberation or Moksha. Jainism is unique in its emphasis on non-violence or Ahimsa, which is considered to be the most important principle of the religion. Jains believe that all living beings, including animals and plants, have a soul or Jiva, and that every action has consequences, known as Karma. The goal of Jainism is to achieve spiritual liberation from the cycle of birth and death through rigorous spiritual practices, including meditation, fasting, and self-control. Jainism has two major sects, Digambara and Svetambara, and is a small but influential religion with followers primarily in India but also around the world. The Jain community has played an active role in promoting environmentalism and non-violence and continues to inspire people around the world with its teachings and practices.
2.Tirthankaras
In Jainism, a Tirthankara is an enlightened being who has attained spiritual liberation or Moksha, and who then becomes a teacher and guide for others seeking spiritual liberation. There are 24 Tirthankaras in Jainism, the first being Rishabhdeva.
According to Jain belief, a Tirthankara is not an ordinary human being, but a soul who has achieved the highest level of spiritual purity and perfection. Tirthankaras are considered as role models for spiritual liberation and non-violence, and their teachings and life stories form the basis of Jainism.
The 24 Tirthankaras are divided into two groups: 12 prehistoric Tirthankaras and 12 historic Tirthankaras. The prehistoric Tirthankaras are said to have existed in the remote past, while the historic Tirthankaras are believed to have lived in historical times and are better known through Jain literature and tradition.
Each Tirthankara is associated with specific symbols, such as a lotus or a bull, and has a unique set of teachings and stories. Jains celebrate the birthdays of the Tirthankaras as important festivals, known as Janmashtami, and also observe the day of their liberation, known as Nirvana Kalyanak.
In Jainism, the concept of Tirthankaras is central to the religion, as they are considered as guides and role models for spiritual liberation and non-violence.
Here are the names of the 24 Tirthankaras in Jainism in the order in which they are believed to have appeared:
The first 22 Tirthankaras are believed to be historical, while the last two, Parshvanath and Mahavira, are the most well-known and significant in Jainism.
3.Jain Philosophy
Jain philosophy is based on the teachings of Tirthankaras, who are believed to have achieved spiritual liberation and who serve as role models for followers seeking the same goal. The philosophy is centered on the concept of Ahimsa, or non-violence, which is considered the most important principle of Jainism. Here are some key aspects of Jain philosophy:
Karma: Jains believe in the law of Karma, which holds that every action, whether good or bad, has consequences. Karma is seen as a subtle matter that adheres to the soul and determines its destiny in the next life. Jains strive to live a virtuous life and avoid bad karma by practicing non-violence, truthfulness, and other ethical principles.
Non-violence: Ahimsa is the cornerstone of Jainism and is considered the most important principle. Jains believe in non-violence towards all living beings, including animals and plants. Jains are strict vegetarians and avoid any action that may harm living beings.
Anekantavada: Jains believe in the principle of Anekantavada, which means that reality is complex and multi-faceted, and that no one perspective can capture the entire truth. This principle emphasizes the importance of tolerance, open-mindedness, and empathy towards others.
Syadvada: Jainism also has the principle of Syadvada, which is a method of expressing the truth that is compatible with the principle of Anekantavada. Syadvada acknowledges that different viewpoints exist and that each perspective is valid in its own way.
Asceticism: Jainism places a strong emphasis on asceticism, self-discipline, and renunciation. Jains believe in reducing their attachment to worldly possessions and pleasures and living a simple and disciplined life. This includes practicing meditation, fasting, and other forms of self-control.
Overall, Jain philosophy is a complex and nuanced system of beliefs that emphasizes non-violence, compassion, and self-discipline as the means to achieve spiritual liberation.
4.Jain Scriptures
Jainism has a rich tradition of scriptures that guide the spiritual and ethical practices of its followers. These texts are collectively known as the Jain Agamas, and they include several texts that are considered authoritative and essential for understanding Jain philosophy and practice. Here are some of the key Jain scriptures.
The Twelve Angas: The Twelve Angas are the oldest and most authoritative Jain scriptures. They were compiled over a period of several centuries and cover a wide range of topics, including the life and teachings of the Tirthankaras, ethical principles, cosmology, and spiritual practices.
The Svetambara Canon: The Svetambara Canon is a collection of texts that is considered authoritative by the Svetambara sect of Jainism. It includes several texts that expand on the teachings found in the Twelve Angas, including commentaries and stories.
The Digambara Canon: The Digambara Canon is a collection of texts that is considered authoritative by the Digambara sect of Jainism. It includes several texts that expand on the teachings found in the Twelve Angas, as well as additional texts that are unique to the Digambara tradition.
The Prakrit texts: In addition to the Agamas, there are several other Prakrit texts that are important for understanding Jain philosophy and practice. These include the Niryukti, a collection of commentaries on the Agamas, and the Tattvartha Sutra, a concise summary of Jain philosophy.
Jain literature: Jainism has a rich tradition of literature, including devotional poetry, biographies of the Tirthankaras, and philosophical treatises. Some of the most well-known Jain texts include the Bhaktamara Stotra, a hymn of devotion to the first Tirthankara, and the Kalpasutra, a biography of the Tirthankaras.
Overall, the Jain scriptures are a diverse and complex collection of texts that provide guidance and inspiration for Jain practitioners. They reflect the richness and depth of Jain philosophy and provide a framework for spiritual and ethical development.
5.Jain Practices
Jainism is a religion that emphasizes spiritual and ethical practices as the means to achieve liberation from the cycle of birth and death. These practices are based on the principles of non-violence, self-discipline, and compassion towards all living beings. Here are some key practices in Jainism:
Ahimsa: The most important practice in Jainism is Ahimsa, or non-violence. Jains strive to avoid any action that may cause harm to living beings, including animals and plants. This includes being strict vegetarians, avoiding the use of leather and other animal products, and refraining from any action that may cause harm to others.
Meditation: Meditation is an important practice in Jainism, and it is used to cultivate inner peace, concentration, and spiritual awareness. Jains practice several forms of meditation, including mindfulness meditation, concentration meditation, and devotional meditation.
Fasting: Fasting is a common practice in Jainism and is used to cultivate self-discipline and spiritual purity. Jains fast on several occasions throughout the year, including during the holy period of Paryushan, which lasts for eight days.
Pilgrimage: Pilgrimage is an important practice in Jainism, and many Jains travel to sacred sites throughout India to pay homage to the Tirthankaras and other important figures in Jain history. Some of the most important pilgrimage sites in Jainism include Shatrunjaya, Palitana, and Shravanabelagola.
Charity: Jains place a strong emphasis on charity and giving to others, especially those in need. This includes donating to charitable causes, volunteering, and practicing acts of kindness and compassion towards others.
Overall, Jainism is a religion that emphasizes the importance of spiritual and ethical practices as the means to achieve liberation and enlightenment. These practices are grounded in the principles of non-violence, self-discipline, and compassion towards all living beings.
6.Jain Sects
Jainism has two major sects: Svetambara and Digambara. Here are some details about each sect:
Svetambara: The Svetambara sect is the larger of the two sects and is primarily found in western and central India. The name "Svetambara" means "white-clad," referring to the white robes that Svetambara monks and nuns wear. Some key beliefs and practices of the Svetambara sect include:
Acceptance of female monasticism: Unlike the Digambara sect, the Svetambara sect allows for female monasticism.
Belief in the possibility of lay people attaining liberation: The Svetambara sect believes that it is possible for laypeople to attain liberation through spiritual practice and ethical behavior.
Acceptance of certain scriptural texts: The Svetambara sect accepts a larger canon of scriptural texts than the Digambara sect.
Digambara: The Digambara sect is primarily found in northern and eastern India. The name "Digambara" means "sky-clad," referring to the practice of Digambara monks going naked, which they believe symbolizes their renunciation of all worldly possessions. Some key beliefs and practices of the Digambara sect include:
Rejection of female monasticism: The Digambara sect does not allow for female monasticism, as they believe that women cannot attain complete spiritual purity.
Belief in the necessity of renunciation for attaining liberation: The Digambara sect believes that renunciation of all worldly possessions and desires is necessary for attaining liberation.
Rejection of certain scriptural texts: The Digambara sect rejects some of the scriptural texts accepted by the Svetambara sect.
Overall, the Svetambara and Digambara sects have some differences in their beliefs and practices, but they both share a commitment to the principles of non-violence, self-discipline, and spiritual development.
7.Jainism in Modern Times
Jainism has undergone significant changes in modern times, with the religion facing new challenges and opportunities in the globalized world. Here are some key aspects of Jainism in modern times:
Migration and Diaspora: Jainism has spread beyond its traditional homelands in India, with significant Jain communities now found in North America, Europe, and other parts of the world. This has led to new challenges and opportunities for Jainism, as Jains in these communities face issues such as adapting to new cultures and finding ways to maintain their religious practices.
Interfaith Dialogue: Jainism has increasingly engaged in interfaith dialogue with other religions, seeking to find common ground and promote mutual understanding. This has led to initiatives such as the World Interfaith Harmony Week, which was proposed by King Abdullah II of Jordan and adopted by the United Nations in 2010.
Environmentalism: Jainism's emphasis on non-violence and respect for all living beings has led many Jains to become advocates for environmentalism and sustainability. This includes initiatives such as the Green Jain Movement, which promotes eco-friendly practices and environmental awareness.
Technology and Social Media: Jains in modern times have embraced new technologies such as social media and digital communication to connect with each other and share their faith with the wider world. This has led to initiatives such as the Jain eLibrary, which provides access to a wide range of Jain texts and resources online.
Social and Political Activism: Jains in modern times have become increasingly engaged in social and political activism, seeking to promote social justice and human rights. This includes initiatives such as the Jain International Trade Organization, which seeks to promote ethical business practices and sustainable development.
Overall, Jainism in modern times is a diverse and dynamic religion, with Jains facing new challenges and opportunities in the globalized world. Despite these changes, the principles of non-violence, self-discipline, and compassion towards all living beings continue to guide the faith of Jains around the world.
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